SQL Server DENSE_RANK()
The DENSE_RANK() is a Ranking function that is used to assign ranks to rows in partitions with no gaps in the ranking values.
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Ranking Functions
SQL Ranking functions return a ranking value for each row in a partition. Depending on the function that is used, some rows might receive the same value as other rows.
SQL RANK()
The RANK() function is a window function that is used to assign a rank to each row in the partition of a result set.
SQL Server ROW_NUMBER()
SQL Row_Number() is a ranking function/window function that is used to assign a sequential integer to each row within a partition of a result set. The row number starts with one for the first row in each partition.